Innate immunity is the first and in most organisms sole line of defence against pathogenic microorganisms. The activity of mechanisms of innate immunity starts with recognition of pathogen- associated molecular pattern (PAMP) by proteins that contain leucine rich repeats (LRR) domain. Plant proteins ‘R’ contain TIR, NBD and LRR domains and recognize specifically fungal, bacterial or viral pathogens. After pathogen detection signal cascade is initiated that results in most cases with hypersen- sitive reaction in region of infection.

Calcium ions are highly universal signaling molecules in cells and participate as integral compo- nents of many signal transduction pathways. Cell stimulation by various environmental and developmental cues induces an elevation in cytosolic calcium concentration. Generation of calcium signal engages numerous calcium channels. Their interaction with cellular Ca2+ removing mechanisms influences the shape and speci- ficity of [Ca2+] cyt .

In 1990s papers have been published suggesting the existence of an animal atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) homologues in plant organisms. Multiple influence of egzogenic atrial natriuretic pepti- de into plant metabolism, growth and development has been showed. Plant ANP immunohomologues has been studied as well. However, the plant nucleotide or aminoacid sequence similar to the animal NP have not yet been published. The existence of plant NP homologues to the animal natriuretic pepti- des and genes encoding them was not established.

Circadian clock is one of the most fascinating adaptations to life on Earth. Thanks to the internal clock organisms can not only respond to the periodic succession of day and night, but also measure the length of day, which is an indicator of the seasons. Endogenous clock generates rhythms of approximately 24 hours . Setting the clock is done mainly through changes in temperature and light conditions at dawn and dusk.

A breakthrough in the study of polar auxin transport proved to be the results obtained through the use of molecular biology techniques - characteristics of the respective mutants , cloning of genes AUX1 and PIN , encoding putative auxin transport carriers that control dokomórkowy and extracellular transport of the hormone. Specific demonstrated by immunocytochemistry , polar location of these proteins in cells, stem and root of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Structure, properties and mechanism of action of the cryptochromes - The blue-light photoreceptors of Eukaryota.

Mechanisms of flowering plants. II. Molecular Genetic control of induction of flowering.

Mechanisms of flowering plants. I. The physiological and environmental conditions.