Introduction: multipotential stem cells are already applied for guided tissue regeneration, therefore the challenge of contemporary dentistry is to apply dental pulp stem cells for guided dentin regeneration. The in vitro and in vivo studies as well as a molecular analysis showed such a possibility. So far, bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) have been successfully utilized for treatment of the autoimmunological syndromes and cancers. BMSC have been well recognized, however the way of their isolation maybe hazardous for a patient.

Progress of research on stem cells including their genetic modifications allowed to obtain very promising results. However, one of the main barriers that (ex vivo) therapy has been encountered was delivery of genetic construct to the target cell. As well plasmids (delivered with using physico-chemical methods) as viral vectors have its prominent place at preparations aimed to implant genetically modified stem cells (auto- or allogenic origin) to recipient organ.

Central nervous system (CNS) is seen as crucial in the organism and plays critical role in regulation and decision making processes on multisystem and behavioral level. The variety of diseases affecting CNS, and lack of effective therapy raises a question of chance of maintenance or recovery of the nervous function within the organism own forces. The presence of heterogenic population of stem (SCs) and progenitor cells in various regions of the retina and brain is well documented.

Every human organ has its own capacity for self renewal due to progenitor cells of tissue reservoir. We can distinguish organs with 'high and low turnover' and for regenerative medicine the latter ones constitute the main target. These are represented by heart, central nervous system and pancreas. In this review, we focused on determination in situ of stem cell function in described organs and tissues. However, even in 'low turnover' systems the level of stem cell homing can be different. Surprisingly it is in favour of central nervous system.

In this review it has been presented current classification of stem cells indicating novel sources (tissues) of stem cells subtypes that can be used in clinical and pre-clinical attempts of heart regeneration. In the article an analysis of delivery of stem cells to myocardium has been provided dividing stem cells administration into: a) intramyocardial, b) percutaneous, c) systemic ones and its influence on stem cell homing.

Skeletal muscle tissue is characterized by ability to regenerate in response to injury resulting for example from mechanical trauma, toxin or disease. The key role in this process is played by satellite cells localized in skeletal muscle. However, both under physiological and experimental conditions different types of stem cells originating either from skeletal muscle or other tissues can be also involved in regeneration. This raises the hope for potential use of stem cells in the therapy for skeletal muscles diseases, such as muscular dystrophies or spinal muscle atrophy.

Stem cells are cells with a capacity to self-renew and to generate daughter cells that can differentiate into different cell lineages to form all the cell types that are found in the mature tissue. The activity of mammary stem cells and their mitotic progeny is fundamental to normal mammary growth, differentiation and regeneration in successive cycles of pregnancy, lactation and involution. The isolation and characterization of mammary stem cells is fundamental to understanding mammary gland development and tissue homeostasis as well as breast oncogenesis.

The paper describes function of endothelium and its role in vessels formation during embryonic development and regenerative or pathological processes of further life.