The rapidly developing regenerative medicine searches for pluripotential stem cell that will be able to differentiate into stem cells from all three germ layers. In this review we will focus on germ line stem cells that have been recently purified from adult ovaries, testes and other extragonadal tissues. We will discuss their potential clinical application and their relationship of these cells to so called very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs), a population of epiblast/germ line pluripotent stem cells identified recently by our team in adult tissues.

Membrane prolactin receptor exhibit differences in both interspecies and intra. The occurrence of different variants of the receptor (isoforms) in the organs and tissues of the same individual can adjust the signal transmitted by the hormone. The article presents an overview of the various isoforms of the receptor expression in human and various animal species, and the latest data on the subsequent intracellular processes which occur upon binding of a ligand to a receptor activation step of specific genes.