This paper illustrates elements of innate immunity, such as recently described natural T 2 cells (nT 2 or NHC), nuocytes, innate type 2 helper cells (Ih2), multi-potent progenitor type 2 cells (MMPtype2 cells), and IL-36 that is very similar to IL-36. Populations of these cells are involved in the development of Th2 cytokine responses and participate in course of allergic processes and in host defense against microorganisms and parasites. All four populations lack expression of surface markers characteristic for T cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells.

In the paper five groups of factors (soluble forms of TLRs, intracellular regulators, transmem- brane regulators, reduction of TLR expression and reduction of TLR effect) of negative regulation of TLRs (Toll-like receptors) have been described.