Endogenous estrogens play an important role in women's organism: they control menstrual cycle through the influence on foliculogenesis, ovary's steroidogenesis and growth, and endometrium transformations. But their role is not only confined to ovaries and testis action. Number of researches report about systemic role of these hormones in women. They are involved in lipids and carbohydrates metabolism, bone mineralization, vascular functions. Estrogens are synthesized not only in gonads, but also in adipose cells, bones, brain, vasculature and adrenal cortex.

Apoptosis is a natural process at reproductive age in women. It concerns granulosa and thecal cells. This process influences on the amount of ovarian follicles, luteal corpus sufficiency and on steroidogenesis and menopause. Apoptosis cause normal function and homeostasis of ovarian cells. Knowing the mechanism of apoptosis in human ovary to optimalize the management in endocrinologia disorders and neoplasmus.

Membrane prolactin receptor exhibit differences in both interspecies and intra. The occurrence of different variants of the receptor (isoforms) in the organs and tissues of the same individual can adjust the signal transmitted by the hormone. The article presents an overview of the various isoforms of the receptor expression in human and various animal species, and the latest data on the subsequent intracellular processes which occur upon binding of a ligand to a receptor activation step of specific genes.

Prolactin (PRL ) , a protein hormone, a weight of about 23kD , is synthesized mainly in the pituitary cells , but also other cells in the body can produce the hormone . Pituitary laktotrofy exhibit morphological and functional heterogeneity according to sex , and synthesized PRL undergoes post-translational modifications of many . PRL and its molecular variants can contribute to various biological processes , and the secretion of this hormone is regulated by a variety of stimulating and inhibitory factors .