This article applies chromosomes holokinetycznych ( holocentrycznych ) plants. Chromosomes are kinetochore diffusion Holokinetic extending the entire length of chromatids . With this structure, the kinetochore Holokinetic chromosomes may be fused (full or partial symploidalność ) or fragmentation (partial or complete agmatoploidalność ) without negative effects on mitosis . In the work presented and discussed issues related to the structure of the complex centromere / kinetochore , the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis holokinetycznych and meiosis , structural and genomic mutations in vivo and in vitro ( in culture callus derived from meristem -leaf ) . Moreover, presented results of studies on the nuclear DNA content in relation to structural chromosomal mutations holokinetycznych (mergers , fragmentation ) , variability in numbers of chromosomes ( aneuploidalność in the strict sense ) and mutation of genomes (the total agmatoploidalność without increasing the amount of DNA symploidalność without reducing the total amount of DNA and polyploidy , wherein the amount of DNA is accompanied by a multiplication ) .