Neocentromeres not contain endogenous DNA centromeres characteristic , i.e. systems tandem repeat sequence ; Thus, the type of DNA that makes the neocentromerów . Create neocentromerów done by epigenetic mechanisms . It is likely that the center of creating neocentromerów serialized euchromatynowych chromosomes could be mobile elements that frequently occur in eukaryotic genomes and are also present in the right centromere and adjacent to the heterochromatin przycentromerowej .

Cell death is a genetically regulated process occurring commonly in nature. For decades cell death was considered to be typical only for multicellular organisms and, consequently, relatively young in evolutionary terms. However, genetically regulated cell death has recently been documented in many unicellular organisms, both eukaryotic and prokaryotic. These data suggest that cell death might be an old process accompanying life since its beginning. In this paper, examples of cell death processes in different organisms are compared.

β-barrel proteins are present in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and of organel- les of endosymbiotic origin, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts where they perform a variety of functions. Mitochondrial β-barrel proteins are important for protein import, metabolite transport and the organelle morphology and distribution. They also seem to play a crucial role in mitochondria evolution. Quite recently a specific pathway for the insertion of β-barrel proteins was identified in both mitochondria and Gram-negative bacteria and was proved to be conserved during evolution.