This paper illustrates elements of innate immunity, such as recently described natural T 2 cells (nT 2 or NHC), nuocytes, innate type 2 helper cells (Ih2), multi-potent progenitor type 2 cells (MMPtype2 cells), and IL-36 that is very similar to IL-36. Populations of these cells are involved in the development of Th2 cytokine responses and participate in course of allergic processes and in host defense against microorganisms and parasites. All four populations lack expression of surface markers characteristic for T cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells.

Recently, TRIM (tripartite motif-containing) proteins attrackted much attention. These receptors constitute a large family of proteins involved in an innate immunity and in a broad range of biological processes. Their universality is conditioned by their diversity, differences in tissue expression and cell localization. TRIMs have been classified into 9 families C-I to C-IX, and additionally C-X and CXI have been described recently. Numbers of TRIMPs vary in different animal species.

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a group of small, 2123-nucleotide-long, non-encoding RNA particles, which in the mature form regulate gene expression at the post-transcription level. Presently, over 3000 miRNAs are known, described in vertebrates and insects, but also in plants, fungi, unicellular organism and viruses. In the human genome, so far over 470 miRNAs have been discovered, although it is assumed that there are about 1000.

Glycans are structures involved in many immunological processes. They covers the surfaces of all cells and they are added to protein and lipid backbones in the process called glycosylation. These molecules are recognized by variety of receptors presented or secreted by some of immunological system cells. Three the most significant receptors that recognize glycans has been described and these are galectins, C-type lectins and Siglecs.

The work concerns an important biological process , which is autophagy - phylogenetically old and conservative mechanism , whose role combines , among others, elimination of damaged and (or ) of the cell used in order to prevent the complete degradation . The process of autophagy , being one of the four basic mechanisms of cell death , requires the action of a number of genes and factors supporting . Within autophagy is distinguished by macroautophagy , mikroautofagię , specific autophagy and autophagy -dependent chaperones .

In the paper five groups of factors (soluble forms of TLRs, intracellular regulators, transmem- brane regulators, reduction of TLR expression and reduction of TLR effect) of negative regulation of TLRs (Toll-like receptors) have been described.